The International Date Line
and
God’s Sabbaths
or
Is the IDL part of the
Mark of the Beast?
By Samuel V. Mercado
The International Date Line and God’s Sabbaths
And by the seventh day God had completed His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done. Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because He rested from all His work in it, which He had created and made. Genesis 2:2&3
“And it shall be that from New Moon to New Moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all flesh shall come to worship before Me,” says Jehovah. Isaiah 66:23
Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1490—1535) was the first circumnavigator on Earth to discover that a day was lost when travelling westward. During the westward journey of the survivors of the Victoria back to Spain, the official chronicler of Magellan’s expedition sighted the Cape Verde Islands, located northwest of Africa. Pigafetta noted:
“On Wednesday, the ninth of July [1522], we arrived at one of these islands named Santiago, where we immediately sent the boat ashore to obtain provisions. And we charged our men in the boat that, when they were ashore, they should ask what day it was. They were answered that to the Portuguese it was Thursday, at which they were much amazed, for to us it was Wednesday, and we knew not how we had fallen into error. For every day I, being always in health, had written down each day without any intermission. But, as we were told since, there had been no mistake, for we had always made our voyage westward and had returned to the same place of departure as the sun, wherefore the long voyage had brought the gain of twenty-four hours, as is clearly seen.”
Two years and 10 months earlier, Fernando de Magallanes (c. 1480—1521), the famous Portuguese explorer and navigator took command of the 270 men in a five ship armada, which departed from San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain on September 20, 1519. The Portuguese colonizers sailed to the Spice Islands and Indonesia via the eastward route that Pope Alexander VI had granted them as their monopoly in 1493. To avoid this papal decree Magellan led his Spanish armada in a search for the Spice Islands via the uncharted west.
While in South America, Magellan lost one ship, the Santiago and its crew, during an exploratory trip. Another ship was lost when the crew of San Antonio mutinied and sailed back to Spain, carrying the fleet’s food supplies with them. With three ships remaining, the malnourished Magellan and his starving men discovered the vast Pacific Ocean and its islands, including Guam and the Pearl of the Orient.
In the Philippines, they first anchored a few days in the uninhabited Homonhon Island for replenishment. Sailing in the evening along the coast of southeastern Panaon Island, they saw a bright light shining from another island and headed towards it. The light came from Limasawa, Southern Leyte - “Asia’s Cradle of Christianity.” Magellan and his men waited off the island until daybreak. Later on, they exchanged gestures of friendships with Rajah Kulambo. Kulambo and his “barangay” welcomed them with drinks, foods, and festivities. Magellan and Friar Pedro de Valderama introduced Catholicism with a Mass to the inhabitants on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521.
About a week later, they proceeded to Cebu in which Magellan introduced the Santo Nino (The Holy Child) and the cross to Rajah Humabon. Magellan and some of his men unfortunately met their fate in Mactan, a flat island east of Cebu. Lapulapu, the chieftain of Mactan, killed Magellan when the explorer landed on its shore. Juan Sebastian del Cano, a former mutineer against Magellan, assumed command of the few European survivors and a Malayan.
They abandoned and burned the Concepcion for lack of crew. Then they sailed to the Spice Islands and eventually achieved their ultimate goal. Loaded with spices, the Trinidad tried to sail back to the Pacific Ocean to guarantee that one ship would make it home. Strong winds prevented the ship from sailing eastward and the Portuguese later seized it. From Indonesia, the Victoria and its crew sailed westward. They managed to evade and cross their enemies’ trade routes in the Indian Ocean, and went around the coast of South Africa. Finally, they returned to Spain on September 6, 1522. The 18 survivors were the first sailors carrying the flag of Spain to circumnavigate the world.
The inquisitive person might ask, “Who was right? Since Pigafetta and the Portuguese traveled from Southern Europe in opposite directions, was Pigafetta accurate in dating his logbook or was it the Portuguese?”
If both were Jewish or Sabbath-observing Christians and had met on Saturday in accordance with Pigafetta’s logbook, the Portuguese in Cape Verde Islands would be working on the day that Pigafetta would be keeping as holy.
Where in the Bible did Jehovah God say that His people in the East are to observe the Sabbath day ahead of His people in the West? Did He command the Filipinos, the 3rd largest English-speaking nation, to keep the Sabbath nine hours ahead of the United Kingdom, which is the 2nd largest English-speaking nation? Did God order the Australians to worship on the seventh day of rest ahead of the Americans?
When man invented rapid means of transportation and communication, and the industrial revolution spread throughout the world, it became an economic and social necessity to fix a standard date. According to the Encyclopedia Americana, “in August 1884 the U.S. Congress authorized President Chester A. Arthur to convene an International Meridian Conference, which would consider a proposal for a system of world time zones and a common zero degree of longitude, and recommend acceptance of it.” They ignored the calendar of the Holy Bible that had been used for almost six millennia.
Man, not God, set the current International Date Line as the standard date change position for the midnight-to-midnight calendar. (For more detail read A History of the International Date Line, at http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/idl/idl.htm )
The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary longitudinal zigzag line running from the North Pole through the Bering Strait between Alaska and Siberia, going down the middle of the Pacific Ocean and to the South Pole. It deviates eastward to avoid dividing Siberia, westward to include the Aleutian Islands with Alaska, and eastward to make the date of certain islands in the Southwest Pacific the same as in New Zealand.
The IDL is 180 degrees from the Greenwich Meridian—the “zero degree of longitude”—running through Greenwich, England. Areas west of the IDL are one day ahead of areas to the east of the date line. For example, when one travels westward across the date line, they change from Saturday to Sunday. When one travels eastward across the same date line at the same time, they change from Sunday to Saturday.
Physics demonstrates that light travels in straight lines, so naturally the sunset shadow along the IDL should be straight from North to South on the equinoxes. But the zigzags in the IDL alter this. When it is Friday sunset in the Aleutian Islands, it is supposedly Saturday sunset in Eastern Siberia.
In other words, these two groups of Sabbath keepers, despite observing the same sunset at almost the same moment, are keeping two different seventh days. (The days of the biblical calendar start in the evening. The Sabbath (the seventh day) begins on Friday evening in most of the world. (Genesis 1:5, 8, 13, 19, 23, 31)).
The Creator of planet Earth did not authorise the zigzag International Date Line. The International Meridian Conference authorised it. They were responsible for tampering with God’s sacred calendar! Though light travels in a straight line, for their own convenience they deliberately bent the IDL around Eastern Siberia and the Aleutian Islands.
The Philippines provides an excellent example of the arbitrary nature of the IDL. From 1565 to 1845, since the first Spanish Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (c. 1510—1572) had established Spain’s Far East colony, the Filipinos had followed the calendar date of the Latinos in Central and South America and the North Americans. Two centuries and 8 decades later, Governor-General Narciso Claveria “issued a proclamation announcing that Monday, 30 December 1844, was to be immediately followed by Wednesday, 1 January 1845.” For 280 years, the religious holidays began in Spain, then moved to Latin America and were finally observed in the Philippines. After this date change the religious holidays began in the Philippines, then moved to Spain and were finally observed in Latin America. Both of these date reckoning sequences could not be right.
What then is the significance of the International Date Line? To the non-Sabbath keeping world, to the material-oriented inhabitants of today’s society, it has economic and social values. But for the Jews and Seventh-day Christians living in the East, it can cause them to live in sin!
If, as we show below, the present IDL is wrong, it means that the Sabbath-observing churches, synagogues and individuals living west of the IDL and east of the Garden of Eden have been violating the Fourth Commandment (Exodus 20:8-11). The correct Sabbath observance in the entire region east of Eden and west of the IDL has been lost for centuries!
Observing the true Sabbath, including the annual Sabbaths (Leviticus 23:3-41), is the sign between God and His chosen people throughout their generations (Exodus 31:13-17, Exodus 13:3-10, Hebrews 4:4-10). The Israelites and the converted Gentiles are to observe the Sabbath, celebrating it as an everlasting covenant. “It is a sign between Me and the children of Israel forever; for in six days Jehovah made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed” (Exodus 31:17).
From the Far East to parts of the Middle East, the Sabbatarians are unknowingly keeping the Sabbath on the sixth day instead of the seventh day. The Sunday worshippers of these areas are observing around 18 hours of the actual seventh day Sabbath. Nevertheless, those who are working regularly on the Sabbath, including the non-Christians, have part of the Mark of the Beast by virtue of the IDL!
The beast (Satan) that influenced the location of the IDL deceives everyone in the East, famous and insignificant, billionaire and homeless, citizen and foreigner, into receiving the mark (Revelation 13:16-17). On the Sabbaths, Bible-believing Christians avoid buying, selling, working or doing business. Obeying God gives us His Mark. But disobeying God and believing and doing what Satan wants gives us the Mark of the Beast. So, doing these things on the Sabbath are some of the marks of the beast.
The beast has also inspired the European Union to change their calendars so Sunday now appears to be their seventh day of the week. The United Nations plans to copy this beast-inspired calendar. This will make it harder for people to really know which day is the seventh day of the week.
But why should we care about the beast and its mark? Because those who do not worship the beast and refuse to receive its mark will be in the first resurrection. They will be seated on thrones and given authority to judge. They will be the priests in the Kingdom of God on Earth. Those who have God’s mark will reign with Christ for a thousand years (Ezekiel 9:1-10, Revelation 20:4-6). Alternatively, those with the mark of the beast will suffer horribly during the Great Tribulation, as revealed in Revelation chapter 16.
If the current IDL is wrong, where did God originally place His date line, where is it now and where will it be in the future?
Eden may have been located near Jerusalem. If so, Eden/Jerusalem is about 9.5 hours west of the IDL. The Bible shows that God was already in Eden with Adam and Eve on the sixth day (Genesis 1:27-31). He did not need to travel westward from the IDL to rest in Eden after finishing His Creation. The Bible plainly states that,
“And by the seventh day God had completed His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had done.” (Genesis 2:2)
Prior to the first Sabbath, God had created Adam and Eve on the sixth day, so they could rest with Him:
“Then God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because He rested from all His work in it, which He had created and made.” (Genesis 2:3)
“Jehovah God planted the Paradise of Eden to the east, and He put the man whom He had formed there.” (Genesis 2:8)
Therefore, the first Sabbath began at the site of Adam and Eve’s original home about 6,000 years ago. It did not start at the IDL, which has existed only for a few centuries. The Sabbath was made for man, not for the fish and the whales in the mid-Pacific Ocean (Mark 2:27).
As God’s Sabbath began at Eden, the true Date Line must also be there. Moving the date line eastwards to the mid-Pacific Ocean makes the Sabbath begin there—9.5 hours too early and over a third of the globe too far to the east. Substituting man’s International Date Line for God’s Date Line through the Garden of Eden means that the people living between Eden and the IDL are observing their Sabbath a day too early.
The Sabbath, which starts in the evening, moves westward from the site of the Garden of Eden, and covers the globe as the Earth rotates on its axis. It takes 24 hours for the seventh-day Sabbath to return back to its point of origin, which then becomes the first day of the week or Sunday. Under the IDL, the seventh day in the East is actually the sixth day of the week, occurring before the real Sabbath begins.
So we see that the first Sabbath of the creation week (Gen. 1:1-31) is the key to understanding how God’s Sabbaths work. When the first Sabbath started in Eden (just after Friday sunset according to secular calendars), as it is on the original Date Line, the rest of the world was still in the sixth day. About 12 hours later, as the Earth rotated on its axis and dusk moved westward from the Garden of Eden, the Sabbath had covered everything west of Eden almost to the main Hawaiian Island. Half of the Earth was in the first seventh or Sabbath day, while the other half was still completing the sixth day or Friday.
So the Sabbatarians living west of Eden, occupying most of Africa, Europe and the Americas, must observe the Sabbath day ahead of those living east of Eden. They must rest and worship God on the Sabbath from Friday evening to Saturday evening, the same as they do presently!
Meanwhile, the Sabbatarians living east of Eden (most of Russia, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, etc.) have to work and wait until the seventh-day Sabbath reaches them after moving across most of the world. The Seventh-day keepers in the East must keep the Sabbath behind their brethren in the West.
Thus, the Sabbath keepers living east of Eden/Jerusalem and west of the IDL must remember that their secular calendars are one day out. For them, the Seventh-day Sabbath begins at dusk Saturday evening and continues until dusk Sunday evening.
The same principle applies to the Annual Sabbaths as well. Indeed, the Annual Sabbaths confirm the use of “Eden” as God’s Date Line. The dates of the Annual Sabbaths are determined on the basis of the observance of the New Moon in the evening at Eden/Jerusalem. There are some months where the New Moon will not be visible in Japan or New Zealand at their evening time, but may be visible at Jerusalem 8 or 9 hours later.
If they use the IDL, they will be starting their new month hours before they know if the New moon will be visible in Jerusalem or not. In the case of the seventh month, the first day of the month is the Feast of Trumpets, a Holy Sabbath. It is much better to begin their sacred days after Jerusalem, so they can be sure that they are observing the correct days.
When our Messiah returns as the King of Kings and the Lord of the Sabbath, He will establish his headquarters in Jerusalem (Acts 1:9-12, Matthew 12:8 and 24:27-31, Ezekiel 43:1-9). He, His angels, the transformed Christians and the survivors of Armageddon will be the first to observe the weekly and annual holy days in Jerusalem. They will be the first to rest from their work, to celebrate the evening Sabbath, to worship, to enjoy their dinner and fellowship. The following day, they will be the first to have a potluck meal after their daytime Sabbath services. The IDL corrupts this divine order.
If we have electronic communications then, Christ’s sermon will be progressively telecast around the world as the Sabbath moves into each area. Before the Sabbath reaches them, His people in other regions of the globe will be working and preparing for the day of rest. Then they too will observe the Sabbath in their homes and churches as it comes eventually into their respective time zones.
All of the people living east of Jerusalem and west of today’s IDL will observe the holy days following the Israelites:
“And it shall be that from New Moon to New Moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all flesh shall come to worship before Me,” says Jehovah.” Isaiah 66:23
The weekly and annual Sabbaths have not been, and will not be done away with. As an example, God warns us that He will punish the nations that do not keep the Feast of Tabernacles (Zechariah 14:16-19). The Feast of Tabernacles is a foretaste of Christ’s millennial rule on Earth.
The entire world will then acknowledge that God’s date line goes through or near the temple in Jerusalem where His Son will be living. Since the Messiah’s calendar is designed for spiritual reasons, unlike the world’s system which is made for economic and social purposes, His weekly and annual Sabbaths will enrich the lives of all people, including those living near God’s date line. The survivors of the Great Tribulation and the new generations born during the Thousand Years of Peace will be excited and delighted to keep God’s Sabbaths in the coming Kingdom of God on Earth.
Many Christians say, “We worship on Sunday because we believe that Christ was resurrected on Sunday. The Sabbath was nailed on the cross!”
They reject these biblical facts: Christ came not to change the law, but to fulfil it (Matthew 5:17). The Bible shows that He was crucified on the Passover day. Even the Encyclopaedia Britannica and other respected reference books agree with this. However, in the year of Christ’s crucifixion the Passover was on Wednesday, not on the fixed Friday that is observed as part of Easter. Jesus was placed inside the sepulchre just before the evening began the annual Sabbath (not the weekly Sabbath)—This Sabbath was the first holy day of the seven Days of Unleavened Bread (Luke 23:53-54).
Christ’s resurrection after being dead for 3 days and 3 nights was the sign that He was and is the Messiah (Matthew 12:39-40). It was early Sunday morning, before dawn, that Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome went to the sepulchre and found that it was already empty (Mark 16:1-6). Jesus Christ was resurrected just before the end of the Sabbath day—late Saturday afternoon, not on Sunday morning! [This is explained in detail in God’s Calendar and the Sign of Jonah, available at https://chcpublications.net/GodCal-SgnJnh.htm]
Christ’s death and resurrection did not change the Sabbath from Saturday to Sunday. Satan has deceived millions of Christians into believing that the seventh-day Sabbath was either changed or nailed on the cross. It was the list of our sins against God’s Laws which was nailed to the Cross, not God’s Laws! Satan has used the world’s economic, social and religious establishments to convince billions of people to violate Jehovah God’s weekly and annual Sabbaths, and thus receive the Mark of the Beast.
Conclusion
In 1522, man discovered that a day was lost when Magellan’s surviving crewmen sailed westward and circumnavigated the world. In 1884, men agreed on their International Date Line, which God did not authorise. It deceived all the Sabbath-keepers living east of the Garden of Eden and west of the International Date Line into violating the Fourth Commandment and receiving the Mark of the Beast!
The very first Sabbath originated in Eden, where the Creator put Adam and Eve. It is where the new moons are first observed that begin each month on God’s Sacred Calendar. Jerusalem is also the place where Jesus will begin each Sabbath during the Millennium of Peace.
Having God’s Holy Spirit and honoring His seventh-day Sabbath are signs between God and His people of the everlasting covenants! Those who love God and keep His commandments do not have the Mark of the Beast. The Word, the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth, and the same One who died for all mankind said,
“For anyone who does the will of My Father in heaven is My brother and My sister and My mother.” (Matthew 12:50) Jeshua (Jesus) also said, “If you love me, keep my commandments,” (John 14:15)
Six millennia ago, the Lord of the Sabbaths rested on the Seventh Day from His works of creation. God began His Sabbath day not at today’s International Date Line, but in the beautiful Paradise of Eden! Let us follow His example and truly honor God’s Sabbaths.
Copyright 1982, 2000, 2001
by Samuel V. Mercado
7th Millennium, Maasin City 6600, Philippines
http://7th_millennium.tripod.com/7mc/idl.html
Email: svm7m@hotmail.com
We have posted Samuel Mercado’s article The International Date Line and God’s Sabbaths: Is the IDL part of the Mark of the Beast? on our website (with Sam’s permission) because we believe that it is essentially correct. The main point of his article is that the IDL is in the wrong location. This means that those of us living to the east of Israel and west of the International Date Line should wait until the New Moons have been observed in Israel before we begin keeping our new moon day and thus our keeping of the annual Holy Days also must follow Israel.
As we live in the region affected by repositioning the IDL, we are now applying this concept to our worship. The consequence of this is that we now begin our new moons and holy days after they begin in Israel, rather than beginning our holy days many hours before they begin in Israel. We recognize that the same concept also affects the weekly Sabbath. To consistently apply the principle that each day begins in Israel, we now also begin our weekly Sabbaths after they have begun in Israel.
We do, however, differ from Sam in these respects:
Sam feels that we should use God’s Date Line to determine the times for everything. We think that this is currently impractical and unnecessary. We only use it for spiritual matters which require the use of God’s calendar. This position is what all of us must currently do anyway: we use our local civil calendar and time for secular purposes.
For the most part, Judaism also only uses their Halacha Dateline (HDL) for religious purposes. Rabbi Judah, quoted in the University of Calgary article below, begins by stating that the Sabbath days should begin in Jerusalem. He then pushes his ideal HDL massively eastwards to accommodate some odd Jewish assumptions about the location of the light at Creation and a very peculiar claim that the new moon must be seen before noon in Jerusalem.
These assumptions result in Judaism favouring at least three HDLs, one that is 90 degrees east of Jerusalem, one that is 180 degrees East of Jerusalem and one that roughly approximates the civil IDL. The 90 degree HDL (125 East Longitude from Greenwich) has several versions which place Japan on one side of the HDL or the other, while Australia can be either split, or west, or east of their HDL. The 90 degree HDL places New Zealand always east of HDL, while the 180 degree HDL places them west of the HDL. See their details at www.star-k.org/kashrus/kk-trav-dateline.htm, www.koltorah.org/ravj/The International Date Line and Halacha.htm and www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/Shokel/MHCF99_DateLine.html)
Sam feels that the current International Date Line is the Mark of the Beast. We feel that it should at most be called a mark of the Beast. The IDL is basically placed in the mid-Pacific for practical secular reasons, but it does result in people who live east of Israel and west of the IDL keeping their holy days and weekly Sabbaths a day too early.
Our main reason for agreeing with Sam that the IDL is not in the right position is due to the impossibility of always accurately pre-determining the evening the new moon becomes visible. This is not a significant issue for Judaism as they long ago abandoned the Biblical observed new moon Calendar and replaced it with Hillel’s calculated calendar. The following issues, all related to God’s Calendar, show the importance of the Jerusalem temple site to our Holy Days:
Our opinion is that the start of the year requires the presence of Abib barley for use in the Wave Offering ceremony within a few hours horse ride from the tabernacle site in Israel. If we do not use a single area for deciding the Abib question, there will always be confusion as to the beginning of the year. The Abib searchers in Israel have proven that we have a viable system for doing this and we have yet to hear anyone propose a more scripturally sound location than Jerusalem for this purpose.
We have three options: we can use a calculated calendar which predicts the visibility of the new moon, we can use observation of the new moon crescent in Israel or we can use observation of the new moon crescent locally.
Calculated calendars are useful for years where observation is not possible, such as the year of Christ’s crucifixion, and to give us a reasonable indication of when the future holy days, etc will be so we can plan for them. To be useful, the calendar must match closely with actual observations. But it is not possible to make a perfect calculated calendar. God can, and does, shift marginally visible new moons forward or back a day by clarifying or obscuring the sky. Likewise He can shift the ripening of the barley by several weeks by changing the weather. One of the beautiful aspects of God’s Calendar is that He alone has total control of it. The year 2002 was a case in point. The Abib Barley was found earlier in spring than anyone really expected to find it and we had to revise our calculated calendar to allow for the possibility of Abib being ready so soon in the year. But this just increases the number of years we will not be certain if we will be needing to/not needing to add a 13th month. Sure, we could set up our calendar so it just calculates the most probable dates and ignores the rest. It would appear to be precise. But we are not willing to ignore God’s final say in when we are to observe His Holy Days. The best a calculated calendar can do in the marginal years and months is to point out all the possible alternatives and indicate which of these is the most likely alternative.
So the best option is observation. But from where?
Let us consider observation of New Moons in Israel first. This works well for us today as we can know within minutes when the New Moon (or Abib barley) are seen (or not seen) in Israel via the Internet. But we can only know for certain that the new moon has been seen (or not seen) there after it happens, not before. If we use the current mid-Pacific IDL, those of us in Australia and New Zealand have already been celebrating (or not celebrating) our New Moon/Holy Days for 8 or 9 hours before we can be sure that we are keeping the right day. As we have stated before, this is the reason we think we need to have an IDL near Israel. Only by beginning our spiritual days after they begin is Israel can we avoid the absurdity of observing (or not observing) Trumpets on the prediction of the New Moon being seen (or not seen) in Israel, only to find that it was not seen (or was seen). We would then need to truncate our New Moon (which could also be the Feast of Trumpets) and start it again the next evening. This is not a problem for Rabbinical Jews as they do not rely on observation, and use only their crude calculated calendar. If you want something simple that you don’t need to think about and you don’t care if the days you are observing are probably not the ones God has personally selected, then use the Rabbinical calendar.
Our other alternative is to use local observation of the New Moon as some are suggesting. We know that if we see the New Moon here (Australia), it will certainly be visible in Israel 8 or 9 hours later. But this option also has problems. Some months we will see the New Moon before it is seen in Israel. -so we will start our month 8 or 9 hours earlier than Israel. Other months we will not see the New Moon first and it will be seen first in Israel as it is just a bit too faint for us to see here. In that case we will start our month 15 or 16 hours after Israel. In still other months the New Moon will be seen first in North America, which creates similar issues for them. And it gets worse: two groups looking for the New Moon only 20 kilometers apart could, due to altitude and weather conditions, have a situation where one group sees it and one does not. Do neighbours then keep the same Holy Days on different days? We could all follow local observation of new moons only, but this is much more confusing than everyone agreeing to consistently begin their months (and thus days) after the New Moon has been seen near Jerusalem by two or more reliable observers. As we are already doing this for Abib 1 and Trumpets, it is logical to also do this for all the new moons and for the weekly Sabbath.
By Bruce Armstrong and Bruce Harris
Members of
Central Highlands Congregation of God
© 2002, 2020
Revised 26th November
Published by
Central Highlands Christian Publications
PO Box 236 Creswick Vic 3363 Australia
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Scripture quotes are from the CHCoG translation.
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Endnotes
1 Please read the Appendix for an alternative view.
2 As Sam once thought this was the original site of Eden. However, it seems that he now thinks Eden was in Armenia. But the reality is that the earth’s surface was totally transformed in the Great Flood, and we simply don’t know where Eden was.